Electro-fluid-mechanics of the heart

This article presents an overview of the dynamics human heart and main goal is discussion its fluid mechanic features. We will see, however, that flow in can not be fully described without considering electrophysiology elastomechanics as well interaction with systemic pulmonary circulations which it strongly connected. Biologically, similar to all warm-blooded mammals satisfies same allometric laws. Since Paleolithic Age, humans have improved their living conditions, modified environment satisfy needs and, more recently, developed advanced medical knowledge has allowed triple number heartbeats respect other mammals. In last century, effective diagnostic tools, reliable surgical procedures prosthetic devices been refined leading substantial progress cardiology surgery routine clinical practice nowadays cures many disorders, once lethal. Pulse duplicators built reproduce pulsatile ‘blood analogues’, realized. Heart phantoms, attain deformations real although active contraction tissue anisotropy still replicated. Numerical models also become a viable alternative for cardiovascular research: they do suffer from limitations material properties device technologies, thus making possible realization truly digital twins. Unfortunately, high-fidelity model whole consists system coupled, nonlinear partial differential equations degrees freedom order billion computational costs bottleneck. An additional challenge comes inherent variability uncertainty parameters whose statistical assessment requires campaign simulations rather than single deterministic calculation; reduced surrogate employed alleviate huge burden possibilities are currently being pursued. era big data artificial intelligence, research advancing by exploiting latest technologies: equation-based augmented reality, virtual prediction disease progression just few examples among standard forthcoming years.